GERUND&PARTICIPLE

GERUND 

   Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/ kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja yang diberi akhiran –ing (V-ing).            V1 +ing                 Noun

Functions:

1. As Subject
a. Driving a car is not easy
b. Swimming makes us happy

2. As Object (after certain verbs)
like, enjoy, love, prefer, permit, regret, remember, forget, hate, start, stop, try, prefer, continue, consider, begin, attempt, allow, advise, admit, avoid, deny, anticipate, finish, forgive, keep, mind, neglect, practice, postpone, prevent, resist, risk, understand

e.g.    a. I don’t like cooking
          b. I love  drinking coffee

Admit Appreciate Claim Can’t help Resume

Consider Avoid Delay Deny Risk

Enjoy Finish Quit Resist Siggest

Mind Miss Postpone Practice Advise

Recall Regret Report Recent resist

3. As Complement/pelengkap.

S + be + complement
a. My hope is having a new bike.
b. What I want is joining the game

4. After Preposition

  (at, after, before, from, in, on, of, under, up, through, about, without, for and to ( be used to, be accustomed to, object to, take to, look forward to)
a. After eating the meal, he gets stomachache
b. I am used to drinking

 

5.                As Noun Modifier (modifying noun= alat/ sesuatu untuk)
a. The waiting room is full of people
b. You should take the sleeping bag if you have a camping

6.        As Prohibition
No smoking!
Stop Crying!

7.  Setelah possessive adjective (my,your, his,her,our,their,Amir’s, dll)

Contoh : His staring frightens me.

                               your reading is not good

PRESENT                                                  &                     PAST PARTICIPLE
                                                               adjective
- The work was tiring                                                  - I was tired
    (pekerjaan itu melelahkan)                                                    (saya lelah)
- The game was satisfying                                          - I am satisfied
      (permainan itu memuaskan)                                     (saya puas)
     

Present Participle /Active Participle : Ving (aktivitas yang bersifat aktif/melakukan pekerjaan)
e.g.      -a working boy = anak yang sedang bekerja
              - a smilling woman = wanita yang sedang tersenyum

Past Participle : V3 (aktivitas bersifat pasif /dikenai pekerjaan)
e.g.      - the stolen money = uang yang dicuri
              - the unexpected meeting = pertemuan yang tak diharapkan

Present Participle
Functions :
1. Sebagai adjective
- Minnie is a charming girl
- the novel is very interesting
2. Untuk membentuk Continuous Tense
e.g.   We are studying now
          You have been dreaming

3. Verb of Perception
(Setelah kata kerja yang dilakukan oleh panca indra)
S+V+O+ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
VERBS: SEE, WATCH, OBSERVE, NOTICE, FIND, KEEP, SMELL, HEAR, LEAVE, FEEL, CATCH
e.g.          I smelt something burning
               We found him smoking in the class

4. Apabila dua peristiwa terjadi bersamaan dilakukan oleh seorang subyek
e.g.                1. When she called you, she was sleeping
                            Sleeping, she called you
                       2. While he was swimming, he drank a lot of water
                            Swimming, he drank a lot of water

5. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang dilakukan oleh seorang subyek secara berturut-turut, maka peristiwa yang terjadi lebih dulu bisa ditulis dengan menggunakan active participle
e.g.                - He ate the meat, he became ill
                         Having eaten the meat, he became ill
                                    - I arrived home. I went to bed
                                     Arriving home, I went to bed

6. Apabila peristiwa yang kedua merupakan bagian atau akibat dari peristiwa pertama. Peristiwa kedua bisa dilakukan dengan menggunakan active participle

e.g. Since he is old, he must use glasses
         Being old, he must use glasses
Because he was a student, he should study hard
Being a student, he should study hard

PAST PARTICIPLE
Functions:

1. Sebagai adjective
- My broken heart depressed me much
- He has watched the untold story

2. Untuk membuat kalimat pasif
- The witnesses must be protected
-The glass is broken

3.Setelah kata kerja tertentu
 (Verb of perception)  apabila obyeknya pasif
S + V + Past Participle + ……
- She found the door locked
- He noticed the thieves beaten

4. Untuk menggantikan subyek + kata kerja pasif apabila subyek tersebut disebutkan secara berulang
- She enters the room.  She is accompanied by her son

She enters the room, accompanied by her son