DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH☺❤❤❤☺

Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah  kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.

Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.

Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :

I.         Statement (pernyataan)

II.      Command (perintah)

III.   Question (pertanyaan)

Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :

1.        To be & Auxiliary Verbs

Direct                                       Indirect

Am/is/are                    -             was/were

Shall/will                     -             should/would

Can                             -             could

May                            -             might

Must                          -              must      

Have/has to                 -             had to

Ought to

2.        Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)

Direct                                       Indirect

now                                 -           then

tomorrow                         -           the following day

next week                        -           the following week

tonight                             -           that night

today                               -           that day

yesterday                         -           the day before

last night                          -           the night before

last week                         -           the week before, the previous week

here                                  -           there

this                                   -           that

these                                -           those

3.        Tenses

Direct                                       Indirect

Simple present                   -        simple past

Simple past                           -        past perfect

Present perfect                                    -        past perfect

Present continous              -        past continous

Present perfect continous  -        past perfect continous

Simple future                     -        past future

I.         STATEMENT

Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :

He said

He said to me                    that + reported words

He told me

e.g  - Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”

- Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.

-   Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”

-   Father said that he was going out of town the following day.

-   Mary told John “my father warned me last night”

-   Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.

-   My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”

-   My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.

-   Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”

-   Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.

Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.

e.g  - John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”

- John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow

-   Mary says “I have seen that film”

-   Mary says that she has seen that film.

-   My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”

-   My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.

-   Tom says “I don’t like English”

-   Tom says that he don’t like English.

 II.      COMMAND

Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :

1.      Positive Command

Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :

to + infinitive

He asked me

He told me

e.g   - He asked me “Open your book”

- He asked me to open my book.

-  Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”

-  Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.

-  Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”

-  Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.

-  John told Mary “Wait until I come”

-  John told Mary to wait until he comes.

-  The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”

-  The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.

2.      Negative Command

Dalam  perintah negatif kita tambahkan not  to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.

e.g   - Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”

- Mary told John not to wait for her.

-  I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”

-  I told him not to mention it to anyone.

-  Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”

-  Father asked her not to go there alone.

-  Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my house again”

-  Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.

-  Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too much”

-  Mother asked John not to smoke too much.

III.   QUESTION

Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :

Positive Form

He asked me       where

                 When etc. 

e.g   - The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”

- The man asked me where I lived.

-  John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”

-  John asked Mary why she got angry with him.

-  I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”

-  I asked him when he had got back from his trip.

-  He asked me : “How will you go there ?”

-  He asked me how I would go there.

-  John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”

-  John asked the girl what her name was.

Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.

e.g   - The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near  here?”

- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.

-  The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”

-  The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

-  Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.

-  Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.

-  We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?”

-  We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.

-  Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?”

-  Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.

Note :    Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian

IV.   REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan)

Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as (karena) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian. Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini :

e.g   - She asked me :”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.

- She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped.

-  Ira asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don’t look well.

-  Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well.

-  I asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”, Your accent is very good.

-  I asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent was very good.

-  He told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where are you going ?”

-  He told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was going.

-  She said :”It is cold inside,” Is the window open ?

-  She said that it was cold inside and asked if the window was open.

Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.

e.g   - He asked me :”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.

-  He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldn’t.

-  Mother asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.

-  Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn’t.

-  She asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.

-  She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I couldn’t.

-  I asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.

-  Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she said she did.

-  Mary asked John :”Did you phone me last night ?” Yes, I did.

-  Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had.

-  Father asked me :”Are you going to the movie tonight ?” Yes.

-  Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I was.

Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries

Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries

Direct                                       Indirect

Was/were                         -           had been

can                                   -           could

may                                  -           might

must & have to                -           had to

must not                          -           wasn’t to/musn’t

needn’t                            -           didn’t have to

e.g -  Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”

-  Mary said that she had been sick the day before.

-  The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”

-  The man asked me if I could speak English.

-  Mary said to John :”You may come to my house tomorrow.”

-  Mary said to John that she might come to his house the following day.

-  Mother told John :”You must study harder if you want to pass the exam.”

-  Mother told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the exam.

-  The police told me :” You must not drive without license.”

-  The police told me that I wasn’t to drive without license.”

-  The teacher told them :”You needn’t hurry.”

-  The teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry

5 Contoh Soal Direct and Indirect Speech

1.       Direct Speech : She said, “I will go to the market”.

Indirect Speech :  She said that I would go th the market.

.       Direct Speech : Ray said, “I have completed the series.

Indirect Speech : Ray said that he had completed the series.”

3.       Direct Speech : He said, “I work from 9 to 10”.

Indirect Speech :He said that he worked from 9 to 10”.

4.       Direct Speech : They said, “We have been living in the forest for 4 years”.

Indirect Speech : They said that they had been living in the forest for 4 years”

5.       Direct Speech : My brother said, “We were playing at the park”.

Indirect Speech : My brother said that they had been playing at the park”.

6.     Direct Speech: He said, “I don’t like sate.”

Indirect Speech  ; He said, that he didn’t like sate.”

7. Direct Speech: Rano said, “I saw the movie.”

Indirect Speech  ; Rano said that he had seen the movie.

8.      Direct Speech: “I am hungry” said Angelina.

Indirect Speech  ; Angelina  said that he was hungry.

9.      Direct Speech: My father said, “I want to meet your roommate.

Indirect Speech  ;My father said that he wanted to meet your roommate.

10.   Direct Speech: He said, “I bring my Spider-man costume today.

Indirect Speech  ; He said that he brought his Spider-man costume today

☺==================================================================

Do the exercises to be more familiar with the reported speech!

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Reducing Adverbial Clause

Reduced Adverbial Clause

Adverb Clause
Adverbial Clause adalah dependent Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja biasanya akan menjawab pertanyaan When/Where/How/Why

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain: Clause of Time, Clause of Place, Clause of Contrast (or Concession), Clause of Manner, Clause of Purpose and Result, Clause of Cause and Effect/Clause of Condition. 

e.g.         
1. I can not say a word because I have nothing to say
                                           adverbial clause of reason
or

Because I have nothing to say, I can not say a word

2. After she bought a car, she went  to Bandung alone. 
                                  adverbial clause of time
or

she went  to Bandung alone after she bought a car

3. She isn't happy although she is rich
                                adverbial clause of contrast 
or
 Although she is rich, she is not happy

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE disederhanakan menjadi ADVERBIAL PHRASE

ADVERB= KATA KETERANGAN
CLAUSE = KALIMAT 

REDUCING = MENGURANGI
PHRASE = frase (bagian dari kalimat)


Saat kita ingin membuat sebuah reduced adverbial clause kita perlu ingat bahwa tidak semua adverb clause bisa kita reduced. Hal ini bisa dilakukan apabila subject yang sama pada  klause adverbial clause. (make sure that the adverb clause (subordinate clause) and the main clause have the same subject.)

Although Ria is rich, she is not happy
adverbial clause bisa di "REDUCING"

Reduced Adverb Clause Of Time

After she bought a car, she went  to Bandung alone. (Original)

After buying a car, she went to Bandung alone. (Reduced)

Reduced Adverb Clause Of Reason

Because I didn’t know the direction to the zoo, I asked some people on the street. (Original)

Not knowing the direction to the zoo, I asked some people on the street. (Reduced)

Reduced Adverb Clause Of Opposition/Contrast

Although they had a private vehicle, they decided to take public transportation. (Original)

Despite/ In spite of  having a private vehicle, they decided to take public transportation. (Reduced)

Itulah tadi beberapa adverb clause yang bisa kita reduced. Proses perubahan dari kalimat original menjadi bentuk reduced nya, jika kita perhatikan akan terlihat polanya. Berikut ini adalah pola atau rumus reduced adverbial clause beserta contoh kalimat untuk masing masing pola.

Rumus Dengan Be (To be : is/am/are/ was/were/ been)

Original : Conjunction + Subject + to be + V1+ing / Noun / Adjective / V3

Reduced:

Cara 1 : Conjunction + V1+ing

Cara 2 : V1+ing

Cara 3 : Conjunction + being + Noun / Adjective / V3

Cara 4 : being + Noun / Adjective / V3

Contoh Kalimat:

While I was walking down the beach, I saw a whale stranded. (Original)

Cara 1 : While walking down the beach, I saw a whale stranded. (Reduced)

Cara 2 : Walking down the beachm I saw a whale stranded. (Reduced)

              

 Because he is a doctor, he know how to fix broken bone. (Original)

Cara 3 : Because being a doctor, he know how to fix broken bone. (Reduced)

Cara 4 : Being a doctor, he know how to fix broken bone. (Reduced)

Rumus Tanpa Be

Original : Conjunction + Subject + Verb

Reduced : Conjunction + V1+-ing

Contoh Kalimat :

Since they came to New York, they became a street artist. (Original)

Since coming to New York, they became a street artist. (Reduced)

An adverb clause can be shortened to an adverb phrase. This can be particularly helpful when you want to express your ideas in a more concise manner. Before you reduce an adverb clause into an adverbial phrase, make sure that the adverb clause (subordinate clause) and the main clause have the same subject.

Study the examples given below.

I slept for ten hours. I felt marvelous.

The two sentences given above express a cause and effect relationship and hence can be combined into one using the conjunction as / since.

As I had slept for ten hours, I felt marvelous.

Both clauses have the same subject and hence we can reduce the adverb clause into a phrase.

Having slept for ten hours, I felt marvelous.

Another example is given below.

He worked hard. He passed the test.

Because he worked hard, he passed the test.

This can be reduced to:

Having worked hard, he passed the test.

There are many different kinds of adverb clauses and it is not possible to reduce all of them. Generally speaking, the adverb clauses of time, cause and contrast can be reduced.

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time

After he did military service, he became a monk.

The sentence given above can be reduced to:

After doing military service, he became a monk.

He wrote his first book after he recovered from a major illness.

This can be reduced to:

He wrote his first book after recovering from a major illness.

He feeds the cats before he goes to work.

Can be reduced to

He feeds the cats before going to work.

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Cause

Because she was late, she didn’t get tickets for the show.

This can be reduced to:

Being late, she didn’t get tickets for the show.

Because I worked fast, I finished early.

This can be reduced to:

Having worked fast, I finished early.

Because I was feeling a bit tired, I didn’t go to work.

This can be reduced to:

Feeling a bit tired, I didn’t go to work.

Correct Reduced Adverb Clause to Adverbial Phrase

Because she has a test next week, she is studying very hard.

REDUCES TO:

Having a test next week, she is studying very hard.

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time

Before he bought the house, he did a lot of research. -> Before buying the house, he did a lot of research.

After she had lunch, she went back to work. -> After having lunch, she went back to work.

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Causality

Because she was late, she excused herself at the meeting. -> Being late, she excused herself.

As Tom had extra work to do, he stayed late at work. -> Having extra work to do, Tom stayed late at work.

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Opposition

Though he had a lot of money, he didn't have many friends. -> in spite of  having a lot of money, he didn't have many friends.

Although she was beautiful, she still felt shy. -> Despite being beautiful, she still felt shy.

Here are detailed descriptions and instructions on how to reduce each type of adverb clause which has the same subject as the independent clause.

Do the following exercises!

Choose the correct answer! 
1. They played basketball for two hours. Later, they went home. ________________ for two hours, they went home. 
a.After playing basketball 
b.While playing basketball 
c.Playing basketball

2. Since he was late, he started the meeting at 10. 
a.Being late, he started the meeting at 10. 
b.Since being late, he started the meeting at 10 
c.Since late, he started the meeting at 10. 

3. I didn't want to miss my flight. I set my alarm clock for 6:00 AM.
       ________________, I set my alarm clock for 6:00 AM. 
a.Not wanting to miss my flight 
b.While not wanting to miss my flight 
c. Before not wanting to miss my flight

4. You came here. Before that, you were sad.

________________, you were sad.

a.After coming here

b.Before coming here

c.While coming here

5. I was waiting for the bus. I saw a cat.

________________, I saw a cat.

a.Waiting for the bus

b.Before waiting for the bus

c.Since waiting for the bus

6.   He is a perfectionist. He noticed all the flaws.

________________, he noticed all the flaws.

a.While being a perfectionist

b.Since being a perfectionist

c.Being a perfectionist

7.Brush you teeth. After that, go to bed.

Don't go to bed ________________ your teeth.

a.after brushing

b.before brushing

c.brushing

8. Because I don’t know her phone number, I can’t call her.

a. Not knowing her phone number, I can’t call her.
b. knowing her phone number, I can’t call her.
c. Because of I don’t know her phone number, I can’t call her.

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